Essentials: Neurobiology of Addictions-Event Handout

Event Handout
Pdf Summary
This document provides an overview of addiction and the neurobiology behind it. Addiction is characterized by the compulsion to seek and take drugs, loss of control over intake, and negative emotional states when access to the drug is prevented. It is a relapsing disorder rooted in impulsivity and compulsivity, with changes in neurobiological mechanisms as an individual moves from one domain to another.<br /><br />The definition of addiction includes impairment in behavioral control, craving, diminished recognition of significant problems, and dysfunctional emotional response. The causes of addiction are both genetic and environmental, with impaired resiliency through parenting or life experiences playing a role. The neural mechanisms involved in addiction include the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway in the reward system, the prefrontal cortex regulating impulses and emotions, and the amygdala communicating with the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens.<br /><br />Dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens mediates the rewarding effects of drugs, while also hijacking cognitive control in the prefrontal cortex. Changes in dopamine D2 receptors are seen in addicted individuals, and repeated drug use weakens the brain's dopamine system. The GABAA receptor and its various allosteric binding sites are also involved in the mechanism of action of drugs.<br /><br />Addiction is described as a developmental disease that starts in childhood and adolescence, and brain abnormalities are seen in addicted individuals, including smaller volumes in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Medications are available for treating opioid addiction, including agonist and antagonist drugs.<br /><br />Other factors that contribute to addiction include underlying biological deficits, neuroadaptation, cognitive and affective disorders, disruptions in healthy supports and relationships, exposure to trauma, and distortions in meaning and values. The document also provides resources for further information and support on addiction treatment.
Keywords
addiction
neurobiology
compulsion
drugs
relapsing disorder
dopamine release
prefrontal cortex
amygdala
brain abnormalities
opioid addiction